Norm |
Cancer |
Cell structure |
|
The cell's DNA functions normally. |
The structure of the DNA of the cell is damaged or read with violations. |
Mitochondria are fully functional. |
The number of mitochondria can be changed, and their activity is significantly reduced. |
Cell metabolism |
|
Almost all energy is produced by the oxidation reaction of pyruvate in mitochondria. The end product of pyruvate metabolism is water and carbon dioxide. |
A significant part of the energy is produced by the pyruvate fermentation reaction in the cytoplasm. The end product of pyruvate metabolism is, to a large extent, lactic acid. |
The building material for creating a new cell comes mainly from outside.
|
The building material for creating a new cell is produced, to a large extent, inside the cell. |
Glucose intake is adequate.
|
Glucose consumption increased. |
Functions |
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The cell is differentiated and has a specialized functional purpose. |
The cell is not differentiated or poorly differentiated. |
Enzymes and hormones act in a balanced way. |
Hyperactive or hypoactive action of enzymes and hormones. |
The usual level of activity of heat shock proteins. |
Increased activity of heat shock proteins. |
Cell division |
|
Corresponds to the current conditions and is controlled by the requirements of the cell environment. |
Poorly managed or unmanaged. |
Cells divide in an orderly manner to produce more cells only when the body needs them. |
Cells are continuously dividing without the need for renewal, without structural order and control; excess cells form a mass of tissue called a tumor. |
Cell death |
|
The mechanism of suicide triggered by mitochondria works. |
The activity of mitochondria is suppressed, the cell does not die on its own. |
Cell membrane |
|
No anomalies. |
Covered with a layer of mucus, and when metastasizing also fibrin. No/presence of specific antigens on the membrane. The number of adhesion molecules and signal receptors is reduced. The number of insulin receptors is increased. |
Acidity index |
|
Inside the cell: pH 7.0-7.4. Outside the cell, the indicator is slightly more alkaline: pH 7.4. |
Inside the cell: pH 7.1-7.5. Outside the cell, the indicator is slightly acidic: pH 6.3-7.0. |
Free radicals |
|
They are present in some quantity. |
Increased amount of oxidants and other aggressive and toxic substances. |
Transmembrane potential |
|
Normal level. |
Reduced level. |
Electrolyte balance |
|
The natural ratio in the cell of internal and external electrolytes (potassium and magnesium versus sodium and calcium). |
There is often an imbalance. |
Molecular oxygen |
|
Present in sufficient quantity. Participates in internal chemical reactions. |
Not enough. Promotes cell death. |
Growth factors |
|
Function at normal metabolic levels for self-production at a controlled rate. |
Hyperactivity and/or overproduction of growth factors. |
Blood vessels |
|
Tissue has a built-in, ordered system of blood vessels. |
The vascular system is disordered, immature and highly permeable. |
Temperature |
|
Normal. |
The temperature of the tumor tissue is slightly elevated *. |